According to an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences citing a discovery by scientists, the human brain produces growth hormone in human beings.

It was found by the researchers that growth hormone (GH) is produced within a structure deep inside the brain that is involved in memory and emotion, known as hippocampus. It was also found that growth hormone production is more in females than males, and more in adults.

From News-Medical.Net:

The scientists also found that more growth hormone is produced in females than in males, and more in adults. More growth hormone was also produced in response to estrogen. The study has implications for menopausal women using estrogen replacement therapy and for athletes taking growth hormone and anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass.

The scientists suspect that reasoning and mood may also be affected by these differences in the amount of growth hormone in the brain.

“Growth hormone has been associated with growth of muscles and bones, and the production of it was believed to lie mainly in the pituitary gland,” said co-author Ken S. Kosik, co-director of the Neuroscience Research Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara. “No one had thought too much about what growth hormone might be doing in the brain. Hormones in the brain may not be obvious compared to what they are doing in the rest of the body.”

First author Christine P. Donahue. Donahue, formerly a postdoctoral fellow of Ken Kosik and an instructor in the Department of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, said that GH production in men is positively stimulated with stress and is dependent on the estrogen level in women.

Tags: anabolic steroids, Estrogen, GH, growth hormone, hippocampus, steroids

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There may be a possible linkage between specific genetic variations and the increased risk of severe premenstrual depression, according to scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Institute of Mental Health.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder or PMDD is a psychiatric condition that is considered to affect more than 8 percent of women during their child-bearing years. This complication is characterized by symptoms such as severe irritability and anxiety during second half of the menstrual cycle.

From News-Medical.Net:

Compared to the control group, women with PMDD were significantly more likely to have the ESR1 gene variants, the study found.

“While these are preliminary findings that require replication in larger studies, we would argue that this may explain part of the variance among women in the susceptibility to developing this mood disorder,” Rubinow said. “Studies have shown that PMDD is characterized by abnormal sensitivity to reproductive steroids like estrogen. As a receptor for the hormone that can trigger the onset of PMDD symptoms, ESR1 has clear physiologic relevance for this disorder.”

The authors acknowledge that as with other complex genetic disorders, the contribution to PMDD of polymorphisms in a single gene may not be large. In addition, they also noted that the findings may be telling us more about the control group.

Dr. David R. Rubinow, the study’s senior author and the Meymandi distinguished professor and chair of psychiatry at UNC School of Medicine, said that this study can provide critical clues to find out why some women get affected from mood changes while some do not along with finding the nature of this susceptibility.

Tags: Estrogen, menstrual cycle, PMDD, premenstrual depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, steroids

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Scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Institute of Mental Health have found that there is a possible link between a certain genetic variation and increased risk for severe premenstrual depression.

This psychiatric condition, known as a premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD, affects around 8 percent of women in their child-bearing years and is characterized by severe irritability and anxiety during second half of the menstrual cycle.

From News-Medical.Net:

Compared to the control group, women with PMDD were significantly more likely to have the ESR1 gene variants, the study found.

“While these are preliminary findings that require replication in larger studies, we would argue that this may explain part of the variance among women in the susceptibility to developing this mood disorder,” Rubinow said. “Studies have shown that PMDD is characterized by abnormal sensitivity to reproductive steroids like estrogen. As a receptor for the hormone that can trigger the onset of PMDD symptoms, ESR1 has clear physiologic relevance for this disorder.”

The authors acknowledge that as with other complex genetic disorders, the contribution to PMDD of polymorphisms in a single gene may not be large. In addition, they also noted that the findings may be telling us more about the control group.

Dr. David R. Rubinow, the study’s senior author and the Meymandi distinguished professor and chair of psychiatry at UNC School of Medicine, said that the study may help in finding important clues to as to why some women suffer mood changes and others do not besides ascertaining the nature of that susceptibility.

Tags: Estrogen, menstrual cycle, PMDD, premenstrual depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, steroids

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According to researchers at the Medical College of Georgia, estrogen can inhibit stroke damage by inactivating p53 (a tumor-suppressing protein) that is known to inhibit many forms of cancer.

Limor Raz, a fourth-year Ph.D. student in the MCG School of Graduate Studies, remarked that the research suggests that estrogen is capable of suppressing p53 after stroke and thus inhibit the damage.

From Sciencedaily.com:

Ms. Raz found that estrogen can chemically alter p53 and attenuate the cascade, thus leading to reduced stroke damage.

She has been working with Dr. Darrell Brann, chief of developmental neurobiology and associate director of the MCG Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and will present her findings today in Colorado at the American Physiological Society conference focusing on the cardiovascular effects of sex steroids and gender.

Global cerebral ischemia, the most common type of ischemic stroke, in which blood flow to the brain is disrupted, was induced, damaging primarily the hippocampal CA1 region of the brain. In this study, a group of female rats were treated with estrogen versus placebo for seven days and estrogen’s effect on p53 signaling was examined.

P53, the protein in the mitochondria, is considered to be the guardian of the genome due to the fact that it regulates the cell cycle besides preventing genome mutation.

Tags: Estrogen, sex steroids, steroids, stroke damage

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According to a recent study, women may experience a gain of weight of about 10-15 pounds in the years surrounding menopause. The findings of this study put to rest all doubts that arose before about whether weight gain is a side-effect of menopause.

It was revealed that ER_ receptor is the primary mediator behind the attenuating effects of estrogen on weight gain. It was also concluded that E2 and the ER_ selective drug minimize weight gain in rats without minimizing the intake of food.

From News-Medical.Net:

Several theories have been advanced to explain the cause of weight gain at the time of menopause. Some scientists have attributed it to a decrease in thyroid function, with a subsequently decreased metabolic rate. With lowered metabolism, fewer calories are required to maintain current weight, and if caloric intake remains the same, then weight will increase. Another theory is that the weight gain is due to age-related decreases in muscle mass. Because muscle tissue burns more fuel than fat tissue, a disproportionate loss of muscle mass can result in a reduced requirement for calories. Consequently, maintenance of the same caloric intake will again result in increased body weight. However, some scientists believe the weight gain that occurs at menopause may in fact be due to the reduced production of the female sex steroid estrogen that occurs at the time of menopause.

Proponents of the “estrogen argument” point to data from clinical and animal experiments indicating that estrogen is an important modulator of food intake and body weight. Scientists, who commonly study rats that have had their ovaries removed (ovariectomized [OVX] rats) in order to mimic the decline in sex steroids that occurs at menopause, have found that OVX rats eat more and gain weight more rapidly than sham-operated control rats. Estrogen replacement reduces both the increased food intake and the body weight gain of the OVX rats.

Researchers at the Georgetown University consider that ER_-selective drugs can prove effective therapeutically for minimizing postmenopausal weight gain in women.

Tags: Estrogen, menopause, postmenopausal weight gain, side-effect of menopause, weight gain

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Osteoporosis, one of the major causes of disability in older women, can be cured by low doses of steroids. On the basis of a new research by scientists, it has been reported that low dosages of estrogen increase bone density in women that too without causing any side effects.

Sources say that researchers from the University of Connecticut examined the effects of one quarter of the dose of estrogen generally given in hormone therapy. In the course of study, researchers conducted examination on 167 women older than 65 years of age. The concerned women were randomly assigned to receive smaller amount of estrogen or placebo. Researchers kept account of the bone mineral density of the hip, spine, wrist and the total body parts, every year for a period of three years. They also kept an eye at the markers for bone formation and bone resorption during the study.

FROM BIO MEDICINE:

Osteoporosis is a major cause of disability in older women. Estrogen therapy is often prescribed to prevent osteoporosis. However, many women are reluctant to take hormone therapy because of the increased risk of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke and deep vein blood clots. Now, new research finds a lower dosage of estrogen increases bone density in women without possibly causing the problems typically associated with the standard dose of estrogen therapy.

It was found that women who were on low doses of estrogen showed an increase in their bone mineral density at all the sites compared to women on the placebo. Scientists found the markers for bone loss were too significantly decreased in women on low-dose estrogen compared to those on the placebo group.

The use of low dose of estrogen proved to be really helpful in increasing the bone density of the patients of the osteoporosis. On the basis of the report, it was concluded that osteoporosis can be cured by low doses of the estrogen steroids.

Tags: Estrogen, osteoporosis, placebo

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German researchers in a study, published in the journal Sleep, stated that estrogen plays vital role in producing restless legs syndrome (RLS) during pregnancy.

Principal investigator of the study, Dr. Thomas Pollmächer said that for the first time they got evidence of RLS having direct relation with estrogen change during pregancy.

In the research, ten pregnant women with RLS and nine pregnant healthy females were examined. Their blood samples were studied and they underwent overnight sleep-lab studies during the third trimester of pregnancy and again three months after delivery.

According to the findings, higher level of estrogen was reported in women with RLS in comparison to the control or healthy group. However, no significant difference was found between other pregnancy-related hormone levels in both the groups. Eight out of 10 examined women with RLS reported restless-legs symptoms before pregnancy while all the 10 described worsening of existing symptoms during pregnancy.

Pollmacher stated at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich that estrogens are neuroactive steroid hormones and play an important role in conception and pregnancy. This new study might help us in understanding RLS general features and would ultimately lead to an additional route for the development of treatment,” he added.

From Reuters:

A study indicates that estrogen plays an important role in triggering restless legs syndrome (RLS) during pregnancy, researchers from Germany report in the journal Sleep.

“We, for the first time, have quite direct evidence that RLS in pregnancy … is obviously directly related to hormonal changes (estrogens),” Dr. Thomas Pollmächer, principal investigator on the study, noted in an email to Reuters Health.

In the study, ten pregnant women with RLS and nine pregnant healthy “controls” provided blood samples and underwent overnight sleep-lab studies during the third trimester of pregnancy and again three months after delivery.

Tags: Estrogen, restless legs syndrome, steroid hormones

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According to a new study, the relationship between two different types of estrogen and a hormone produced in the placenta might serve as the means for signaling labor. The study might help doctors in preventing and interfering preterm birth in much effective way.

The lead author of the study and physician at John Hunter Hospital in Newcastle, Australia, Dr. Roger Smith said that the activation point of labor pain had been a puzzle from a long time. These findings gave them an answer and furthermore might be able to delay or advance labor.

Humans have two types of estrogen, estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), and the balance of both the estrogens do not result any labor pain. During the study, the ratio of E3 and E2 was estimated in 500 pregnant women and it was revealed that the ratio went up speedily as labor approached indicating that E3 could stimulate the beginning of labor.

Dr. Smith and his colleagues studied the causes of E3 increase. In their early studies they had founded that corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), a hormone present in the placenta, rose rapidly through pregnancy period, touching the highest level during labor. CRH level rises early in case of those women, who have premature delivery while late in those females, who have delayed deliveries, forming a biological clock that regulates the length of pregnancy.

From The Daily News:

The relationship between two different types of estrogen and a hormone produced in the placenta may serve as the mechanism for signaling labor, according to a new study. This finding may help doctors intervene and prevent preterm birth much more effectively.

“The trigger for the onset of labor in women has been a puzzle for a long time,” says Dr. Roger Smith, MD, PhD, of John Hunter Hospital in Newcastle, Australia and lead author of the study. “Our findings show we may have an answer, and furthermore may be able to delay or advance labor.”

Humans have two types of estrogen called estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). When E2 and E3 are in roughly equal amounts there is no drive to labor, but the opposite holds true once one becomes in greater excess than the other. This study evaluated the ratio of E3 to E2 in 500 pregnant women and found that it went up rapidly as labor approached indicating that E3 could stimulate the onset of labor.

Dr. Smith and his colleagues then sought to understand what was causing the increase in E3 and they believe they found an answer. In a previous study they showed that a hormone in the placenta, called corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), rises rapidly through pregnancy, peaking at the time of labor. levels rise earlier in women who deliver prematurely and later in women who deliver late, forming a biological clock that regulates the length of pregnancy.

Researchers also reported that CRH could act on the foetus’ adrenal glands to stimulate the production of a steroid hormone, which placenta uses to build E3. The finding also showed a strong relationship formation between the CRH level in the mother’s blood in weeks prior to birth and levels of estriol. The relationship establishment supports the fact that CRH increases E3.

Dr. Smith said, “If this progression is correct, it may explain why women with a baby who dies in utero can still go into labor. In this scenario, levels of E3 would drop making E2 more dominant and triggering the onset of labor.” “It may be possible to delay or advance labor by varying the ratio of E3 to E2 by giving either E2 or E3 to the pregnant woman,” added Dr. Smith.

However, Dr. Smith noted that this was the first study to showsuch kind of results yet confirmation through further research was needed.

Tags: corticotrophin-releasing hormone, Estradiol, Estriol, Estrogen, steroid

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